The Maschinengewehr 34, or MG34, was a German machine gun first issued in
1934, considered by many to be the first modern general-purpose machine gun. It
was used as the primary infantry machine gun during the 1930s, and remained as
the primary tank and aircraft defensive weapon. It was intended that it would be
replaced in infantry service by the related MG42, but there were never enough of
the new design to go around, and MG34s soldiered on in all roles until the end
of World War II.
The MG34 was designed primarily by Heinrich Vollmer from Mauser Werke, based
on the recently introduced Rheinmetall designed Solothurn 1930 (MG30) that was
starting to enter service in Switzerland. The principle changes were to move the
feed mechanism to a more convienient location on the left of the breech, and the
addition of a shroud around the barrel. Changes to the operating mechanism
improved the rate of fire to between 800 and 900 RPM.
The MG34 could use both magazine-fed and belt-fed 7.92mm ammunition. Belts
were supplied in 50-round single strips or 250-round boxes. The drums held
either 50 rounds in the standard version, or 75 in the "double drum" version.
Early guns had to be modified to use the drums by replacing a part on the gun,
but this modification was later supplied from the factory.
In the light machine gun role it was used with a bipod and weighed only 12.1
kg, considerably less than other machine guns of the era. In the medium machine
gun role it could be mounted on one of two tripods, a smaller one weighing 6.75
kg, the larger 23.6 kg. The larger included a number of features making it
useful for a number of roles. The legs could be extended to allow it to be used
in the anti-aircraft role (and many were), and when lowered it could be placed
to allow the gun to be fired "remotely" while it swept an arc in front of the
mounting with fire, or aimed through a periscope attached to the tripod.
By the late 1930s an effort had started to simplify the MG34, leading to the
MG42. The MG42's square barrel cover made it unsuitable for use in tank cupolas
however, and the MG34 remained in production until the end of the war for this
role.